Biological Instruments
Instrumentations
Biological Instruments
Instrumentations , May-20-2026
Biological Instruments
|
Sl |
Biological
Instrument |
Working
Principle |
Function |
Remarks |
|
1 |
Autoclave |
Moist heat sterilization under
pressure (121°C, 15 psi) |
Sterilizes media, glassware,
instruments |
Essential in microbiology labs |
|
2 |
Analytical Balance |
Electromagnetic force compensation |
Measures very precise mass |
High sensitivity (mg–µg range) |
|
3 |
Agar Plate (Petri Dish setup) |
Solid growth medium supports
microbial growth |
Culturing microorganisms |
Used with incubator |
|
4 |
Air Sampler |
Air suction and particle trapping |
Collects airborne microbes |
Used in environmental studies |
|
5 |
Anaerobic Jar |
Oxygen removal using gas packs |
Cultivation of anaerobic bacteria |
Airtight system |
|
6 |
Biosafety Cabinet |
HEPA filtration and laminar
airflow |
Protects user and samples from contamination |
Types I, II, III |
|
7 |
Binocular Microscope |
Light magnification using two
eyepieces |
Viewing specimens in 3D clarity |
Common teaching microscope |
|
8 |
BOD Incubator |
Controlled temperature and
humidity |
Measures Biological Oxygen Demand |
Used in water analysis |
|
9 |
Blood Gas Analyzer |
Electrochemical sensors |
Measures pH, O₂, CO₂ in blood |
Clinical diagnostics |
|
10 |
Blotting Apparatus
(Western/Southern) |
Capillary transfer or
electrophoresis |
Transfers DNA/RNA/proteins to
membrane |
Used in molecular biology |
|
11 |
Burette |
Gravity-based liquid dispensing |
Accurate titration of solutions |
Used in biochemical analysis |
|
12 |
Bunsen Burner |
Gas combustion |
Heating, sterilization |
Basic lab instrument |
|
Sl |
Biological
Instrument |
Working
Principle |
Function |
Remarks |
|
13 |
Centrifuge |
Centrifugal force separates
components by density |
Separates cells, organelles,
proteins |
RPM/RCF dependent |
|
14 |
Colorimeter |
Absorbance of specific wavelength
(Beer-Lambert law) |
Measures concentration of
substances |
Less sensitive than
spectrophotometer |
|
15 |
Cryostat |
Low-temperature microtomy |
Cuts thin frozen tissue sections |
Used in histology |
|
16 |
Chromatography Apparatus |
Differential partitioning between
phases |
Separation of biomolecules |
Types: TLC, HPLC, GC |
|
17 |
Colony Counter |
Optical/manual counting |
Counts bacterial colonies |
Used in microbiology |
|
18 |
Conductivity Meter |
Electrical conductivity
measurement |
Determines ionic concentration in
solution |
Water quality analysis |
|
19 |
CO₂ Incubator |
Controlled CO₂ and temperature |
Cell culture growth |
Maintains pH via CO₂ |
|
20 |
DNA Sequencer |
Fluorescence detection of
nucleotides |
Determines DNA sequence |
Automated system |
|
21 |
Distillation Unit |
Differences in boiling point |
Purifies liquids |
Used for water purification |
|
22 |
Dry Oven (Hot Air Oven) |
Dry heat sterilization |
Sterilizes glassware, metal
instruments |
160–180°C |
|
23 |
Dialysis Apparatus |
Semi-permeable membrane diffusion |
Separation of small molecules from
macromolecules |
Used in biochemistry |
|
24 |
Densitometer |
Light absorption/scattering
measurement |
Quantifies bands in gels/blots |
Used in molecular biology |
|
25 |
Dissecting Microscope |
Low magnification stereoscopic
view |
Study of larger specimens |
Also called stereo microscope |
|
Sl |
Biological
Instrument |
Working
Principle |
Function |
Remarks |
|
26 |
Electrophoresis Apparatus |
Movement of charged particles in
electric field |
Separation of DNA, RNA, proteins |
Agarose/PAGE types |
|
27 |
ELISA Reader |
Antigen–antibody reaction with
color change |
Detects proteins, hormones,
pathogens |
Microplate-based |
|
28 |
Electron Microscope |
Electron beam instead of light |
Ultra-structure visualization |
TEM/SEM types |
|
29 |
Endoscope |
Fiber optics and light
transmission |
Internal organ visualization |
Medical use |
|
30 |
Fermenter (Bioreactor) |
Controlled biological reactions |
Large-scale culture of
microbes/cells |
Industrial biotech |
|
31 |
Fluorescence Microscope |
Fluorophore excitation and
emission |
Study labeled cells/molecules |
High specificity |
|
32 |
Flow Cytometer |
Laser-based cell analysis |
Cell counting, sorting |
Immunology research |
|
33 |
Freeze Dryer (Lyophilizer) |
Sublimation under vacuum |
Preserves biological samples |
Biomedical and biological laboratories rely on a wide range of specialized instruments that enable sterile technique, measurement, separation, imaging, analysis and culture. Sterilization and containment use autoclaves, hot-air ovens, laminar-flow hoods and biosafety cabinets; sample preservation and preparation use freeze-dryers, cryostats, microtomes and ultrasonic homogenizers. Precision measurement and liquid handling are provided by analytical balances, micropipettes, burettes, pH meters, refractometers and conductivity meters. Separation and purification employ centrifuges (including ultracentrifuges), electrophoresis systems, chromatography (TLC, HPLC, GC) and rotary evaporators. Detection and quantification utilize spectrophotometers, Nanodrops, colorimeters, spectrofluorometers, microplate readers and ELISA readers. Imaging and observation range from light, phase-contrast and fluorescence microscopes to electron microscopes, gel documentation systems and X-ray tomography. Culture and bioprocessing use incubators, CO₂ incubators, fermenters and anaerobic jars. Specialized analyzers include DNA sequencers, flow cytometers, blood-gas analyzers and zeta-potential instruments. Together these tools support research, diagnostics, environmental monitoring and industrial biotechnology.
Instruments Sterilization Measurement Separation Detection |